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Encopresis (from Ancient Greek ἐγκόπρησις, enkóprēsis) is voluntary or involuntary passage of feces outside of toilet-trained contexts (fecal soiling) in children who are four years or older and after an organic cause has been excluded. [1] Children with encopresis often leak stool into their undergarments.
Neonatal bowel obstruction (NBO) or neonatal intestinal obstruction is the most common surgical emergency in the neonatal period. [1] It may occur due to a variety of conditions and has an excellent outcome based on timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention .
The most common cause of non-duodenal intestinal atresia is a vascular accident in utero that leads to decreased intestinal perfusion and ischemia of the respective segment of bowel. [3] This leads to narrowing, or in the most severe cases, complete obliteration of the intestinal lumen .
Dilated bowel loops: Loops proximal to the obstruction exhibit dilation (>2.5-3 cm in diameter). Transition zone: A point where the caliber of the bowel changes from dilated to collapsed, indicating the site of obstruction. Air-fluid levels: Seen in upright or decubitus imaging, reflecting stasis of luminal contents.
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Infants and toddlers have fallen headfirst into toilet bowls and drowned. Safety devices exist to help prevent such accidents. [1] [2] Injuries to adults include bruised buttocks and tail bones, as well as dislocated hips have resulted from unexpectedly sitting on the toilet bowl rim because the seat is up or loose. Injuries can also be caused ...
Depending on the level of obstruction, bowel obstruction can present with abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and constipation.Bowel obstruction may be complicated by dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities due to vomiting; respiratory compromise from pressure on the diaphragm by a distended abdomen, or aspiration of vomitus; bowel ischemia or perforation from prolonged distension or ...
The cause in children is typically unknown; in adults a lead point is sometimes present. [1] Risk factors in children include certain infections, diseases like cystic fibrosis, and intestinal polyps. [1] Risk factors in adults include endometriosis, bowel adhesions, and intestinal tumors. [1] Diagnosis is often supported by medical imaging. [1]