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Most bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide, [4] but some species use other materials, such as poly-D-glutamic acid in Bacillus anthracis.Because most capsules are so tightly packed, they are difficult to stain because most standard stains cannot penetrate the capsule.
Polysaccharides (/ ˌ p ɒ l i ˈ s æ k ə r aɪ d ... Capsular polysaccharides are water-soluble, commonly acidic, and have molecular weights on the order of ...
The capsule biosynthesis, or CPS operon, is a section of the genome present in some Escherichia coli, of which regulates the production of polysaccharides making up the bacterial capsule. [1] These polysaccharides help protect the bacteria from harsh environments, toxic chemicals, and bacteriophages.
The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (or ViCPS) is a typhoid vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of typhoid (another is Ty21a).The vaccine was first licensed in the US in 1994 and is made from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from the Ty2 Salmonella Typhi strain; it is a subunit vaccine.
Polysaccharide A (PSA) is a polysaccharide produced by the Gram-negative bacterium Bacteroides fragilis. [1] B.fragilis produces eight identified distinct capsular polysaccharides, identified by the letters "A" through "H". [2] PSA colonization of B. fragilis in the gut mucosa induces regulatory T cells and suppresses pro-inflammatory T helper ...
NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 is the commercial name for a polysaccharide vaccine that protects against meningococcal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, specifically the serotypes A, C, Y, and W-135. This vaccine is part of a broader group of meningococcal vaccines .
The S-layer assists attachment and biofilm formation. Outside the S-layer, there is often a capsule of polysaccharides. The capsule helps the bacterium evade host phagocytosis. In laboratory culture, the S-layer and capsule are often lost by reductive evolution (the loss of a trait in absence of positive selection).
[1] [2] [3] Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA vaccine is efficacious in children. [4]