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Pierre de Fermat gave a criterion for numbers of the form 8a + 1 and 8a + 3 to be sums of a square plus twice another square, but did not provide a proof. [1] N. Beguelin noticed in 1774 [2] that every positive integer which is neither of the form 8n + 7, nor of the form 4n, is the sum of three squares, but did not provide a satisfactory proof. [3]
Odd squares: For the 3×3 odd square, since α, β, and γ are in arithmetic progression, their sum is equal to the product of the square's order and the middle term, i.e. α + β + γ = 3 β. Thus, the diagonal sums will be equal if we have βs in the main diagonal and α, β, γ in the skew diagonal. Similarly, for the Latin square.
In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.
The length of an interval of consecutive integers with property that every element has a factor in common with one of the endpoints. A059756: Sierpinski numbers: 78557, 271129, 271577, 322523, 327739, 482719, 575041, 603713, 903983, 934909, ... Odd k for which { k⋅2 n + 1 : n ∈ } consists only of composite numbers. A076336
Pythagorean quadruples are sets of four integers such that the sum of the squares of the first three equals the square of the fourth. The Basel problem , solved by Euler in terms of π {\displaystyle \pi } , asked for an exact expression for the sum of the squares of the reciprocals of all positive integers.
In number theory, a polite number is a positive integer that can be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers. A positive integer which is not polite is called impolite . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The impolite numbers are exactly the powers of two , and the polite numbers are the natural numbers that are not powers of two.
The sum of the first odd integers, beginning with one, is a perfect square: 1, 1 + 3, 1 + 3 + 5, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7, etc. This explains Galileo's law of odd numbers : if a body falling from rest covers one unit of distance in the first arbitrary time interval, it covers 3, 5, 7, etc., units of distance in subsequent time intervals of the same length.
Any two consecutive integers have opposite parity. A number (i.e., integer) expressed in the decimal numeral system is even or odd according to whether its last digit is even or odd. That is, if the last digit is 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9, then it is odd; otherwise it is even—as the last digit of any even number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.