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Structure of a typical L-alpha-amino acid in the "neutral" form. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. [1] Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. [2] Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life ...
The genetic code was once believed to be universal: [20] a codon would code for the same amino acid regardless of the organism or source. However, it is now agreed that the genetic code evolves, [21] resulting in discrepancies in how a codon is translated depending on the genetic source.
If amino acids were randomly assigned to triplet codons, there would be 1.5 × 10 84 possible genetic codes. [81]: 163 This number is found by calculating the number of ways that 21 items (20 amino acids plus one stop) can be placed in 64 bins, wherein each item is used at least once. [82]
Download QR code; In other projects ... shows which base sequence encodes which amino acid; vectorized from png file. ... better structure: 18:20, 28 April 2009:
The following illustrates the structures and abbreviations of the 21 amino acids that are directly encoded for protein synthesis by the genetic code of eukaryotes. The structures given below are standard chemical structures, not the typical zwitterion forms that exist in aqueous solutions.
Protein sequence is typically notated as a string of letters, listing the amino acids starting at the amino-terminal end through to the carboxyl-terminal end. Either a three letter code or single letter code can be used to represent the 22 naturally encoded amino acids, as well as mixtures or ambiguous amino acids (similar to nucleic acid ...
For a protein containing n amino acids, the number of high-energy phosphate bonds required to translate it is 4n-1. [9] The rate of translation varies; it is significantly higher in prokaryotic cells (up to 17–21 amino acid residues per second) than in eukaryotic cells (up to 6–9 amino acid residues per second). [10]
The euplotid nuclear code; The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code; The alternative yeast nuclear code; The ascidian mitochondrial code; The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code; The Blepharisma nuclear code [4] The chlorophycean mitochondrial code (none) (none) (none) (none) The trematode mitochondrial code; The Scenedesmus obliquus ...