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  2. Atomic orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital

    That is, the probability of finding an electron at a given place is also a function of the electron's average momentum at that point, since high electron momentum at a given position tends to "localize" the electron in that position, via the properties of electron wave-packets (see the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for details of the mechanism).

  3. Electron-cloud effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-cloud_effect

    Electron clouds are created when accelerated charged particles disturb stray electrons already floating in the tube, and bounce or slingshot the electrons into the wall. These stray electrons can be photo-electrons from synchrotron radiation or electrons from ionized gas molecules.

  4. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    The electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three-dimensional standing wave—a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus. This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital , a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location ...

  5. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    In the free-electron laser (FEL), a relativistic electron beam passes through a pair of undulators that contain arrays of dipole magnets whose fields point in alternating directions. The electrons emit synchrotron radiation that coherently interacts with the same electrons to strongly amplify the radiation field at the resonance frequency.

  6. Cloud chamber - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_chamber

    A cloud chamber, also known as a Wilson chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation. A cloud chamber consists of a sealed environment containing a supersaturated vapor of water or alcohol .

  7. Hyperfine structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfine_structure

    In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is defined by small shifts in otherwise degenerate electronic energy levels and the resulting splittings in those electronic energy levels of atoms, molecules, and ions, due to electromagnetic multipole interaction between the nucleus and electron clouds.

  8. Multipactor effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipactor_effect

    The electron cloud moves between the inner and outer conductor in resonance, causing an electron avalanche: in 5 nanoseconds, the number of electrons increases 150×. [ 1 ] The multipactor effect occurs when electrons accelerated by radio-frequency (RF) fields are self-sustained in a vacuum (or near vacuum) via an electron avalanche caused by ...

  9. Charge radius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_radius

    The qualification of "rms" (root mean square) arises because it is the nuclear cross-section, proportional to the square of the radius, which is determining for electron scattering. This definition of charge radius is often applied to composite hadrons such as a proton, neutron, pion, or kaon, that are made up of more than one quark.