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  2. Unit of selection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_selection

    Two useful introductions to the fundamental theory underlying the unit of selection issue and debate, which also present examples of multi-level selection from the entire range of the biological hierarchy (typically with entities at level N-1 competing for increased representation, i.e., higher frequency, at the immediately higher level N, e.g., organisms in populations or cell lineages in ...

  3. Biological target - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_target

    The term "biological target" is frequently used in pharmaceutical research to describe the native protein in the body whose activity is modified by a drug resulting in a specific effect, which may be a desirable therapeutic effect or an unwanted adverse effect. In this context, the biological target is often referred to as a drug target.

  4. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher's_fundamental...

    The theorem was first formulated in Fisher's 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. [4] Fisher likened it to the law of entropy in physics, stating that "It is not a little instructive that so similar a law should hold the supreme position among the biological sciences".

  5. Mark and recapture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_and_recapture

    Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size where it is impractical to count every individual. [1] A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released.

  6. Transcription activator-like effector nuclease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator...

    Workflow of genome editing of Your Favorite Gene (YFG) using TALEN. The target sequence is identified, a corresponding TALEN sequence is engineered and inserted into a plasmid. The plasmid is inserted into the target cell where it is translated to produce the functional TALEN, which enters the nucleus and binds and cleaves the target sequence.

  7. Mechanism of action - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action

    Because the breast cancer medication trastuzumab is known to target protein HER2, for example, tumors can be screened for the presence of this molecule to determine whether or not the patient will benefit from trastuzumab therapy. [6] [7] It can enable better dosing because the drug's effects on the target pathway can be monitored in the patient.

  8. Price equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_equation

    The Price equation can describe any system that changes over time, but is most often applied in evolutionary biology. The evolution of sight provides an example of simple directional selection. The evolution of sickle cell anemia shows how a heterozygote advantage can affect trait evolution. The Price equation can also be applied to population ...

  9. Watterson estimator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watterson_estimator

    When its assumptions are met, the estimator is unbiased and the variance of the estimator decreases with increasing sample size or recombination rate. However, the estimator can be biased by population structure. For example, ^ is downwardly biased in an exponentially growing population. It can also be biased by violation of the infinite-sites ...