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In orthopaedic medicine, a bone graft can be sourced from a patient's own bone in order to fill space and produce an osteogenic response in a bone defect. However, due to the donor-site morbidity associated with autograft, other methods such as bone allograft and bone morphogenetic proteins and synthetic graft materials are often used as alternatives.
This field could revolutionize tissue transplants by synthesizing personalized grafts for enhanced integration without immune rejection and reducing reliance on donors. [33] A diagram of stem cell differentiation, showing the potential of stem cells in creating personalised tissues of various body parts for transplantation.
Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens.Two major types of alloantigens are blood group antigens [1] and histocompatibility antigens.
Bone marrow transplant can replace the transplant recipient's immune system with the donor's, and the recipient accepts the new organ without rejection. The marrow's hematopoietic stem cells —the reservoir of stem cells replenishing exhausted blood cells including white blood cells forming the immune system—must be of the individual who ...
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is an inflammatory disease that is unique to allogeneic transplantation. It is an attack by the "new" bone marrow's immune cells against the recipient's tissues. This can occur even if the donor and recipient are HLA-identical because the immune system can still recognize other differences between their tissues.
Autoimmune disease is a frequent complication after human allogeneic thymus transplantation, found in 42% of subjects over 1 year post transplantation. [9] However, this is partially explained by that the indication itself, that is, complete DiGeorge syndrome, increases the risk of autoimmune disease.
However, in immune privileged sites, tissue grafts can survive for extended periods of time without rejection occurring. [1] Immunologically privileged sites include: the eyes; the placenta and fetus; the testicles; the central nervous system; Immune privilege is also believed to occur to some extent or able to be induced in articular cartilage.
Allografts can be referred to as "homostatic" if they are biologically inert when transplanted, such as bone and cartilage. [2] An immune response against an allograft or xenograft is termed rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack on the recipient, called graft-versus-host disease.
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