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At a brain temperature of 14 °C, blood circulation can be safely stopped for 30 to 40 minutes. [3] There is an increased incidence of brain injury at times longer than 40 minutes, but sometimes circulatory arrest for up to 60 minutes is used if life-saving surgery requires it. [4] [5] Infants tolerate longer periods of DHCA than adults. [6]
Arterial emboli form in the left side of the heart or the main arteries, they impact in body tissues but not the lungs, commonly in the brain and the small vessels in the upper and lower limbs; Venous emboli arise in veins (for example emboli which form from deep venous thrombosis or DVT) and these impact in the lung (see pulmonary embolism).
The origin of the term "Virchow's Triad" is of historical interest, and has been subject to reinterpretation in recent years. [7] While both Virchow's and the modern triads describe thrombosis, the previous triad has been characterized as "the consequences of thrombosis", and the modern triad as "the causes of thrombosis".
The thrombosis of the veins themselves causes venous infarction (damage to brain tissue due to a congested and therefore insufficient blood supply). This results in cerebral edema (both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema), and leads to small petechial haemorrhages that may merge into large haematomas.
During hemostasis three steps occur in a rapid sequence. Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost. In the second step, platelet plug formation, platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall. The third and last step is called coagulation or blood ...
Not long after, the seizures started up again and the family was told that Caper would need a second surgery to remove more pieces of his brain. “The first surgery had a 60% chance of giving him ...
Thrombolysis, also called fibrinolytic therapy, is the breakdown of blood clots formed in blood vessels, using medication. It is used in ST elevation myocardial infarction, stroke, and in cases of severe venous thromboembolism (massive pulmonary embolism or extensive deep vein thrombosis). [citation needed]
Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a less common but more severe form of thromboembolism, which can affect various organs, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, limbs, and mesentery. ATE can cause life-threatening conditions, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, limb ischemia, and mesenteric ischemia.