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Magna Carta Cotton MS. Augustus II. 106, one of four surviving exemplifications of the 1215 text Created 1215 ; 810 years ago (1215) Location Two at the British Library ; one each in Lincoln Castle and in Salisbury Cathedral Author(s) John, King of England His barons Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury Purpose Peace treaty Full text Magna Carta at Wikisource Part of the Politics series ...
The knights owed the king military service in return. The knights were allowed to "buy out" of the military service by paying scutage (a term derived from Latin scutum , " shield "). As time passed the kings began to impose a scutage on holders of knight's fees, whether or not the holder was actually a knight.
The principle of commuting for the obligation of military service into payments struck at the root of the whole system. The change of conception was so complete, that tenure by knight-service of a mesne lord becomes, first in fact and then in law, a tenure by escuage (i.e. scutage).
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The First Barons' War (1215–1217) was a civil war in the Kingdom of England in which a group of rebellious major landowners (commonly referred to as barons) led by Robert Fitzwalter waged war against King John of England.
Military service was the primary reason for the feudal relationship, but vassals also had additional duties, including attendance at their lord’s court. Depending on their rank, vassals were required to serve at the manorial, baronial, or royal court—such as the Parliament of England . [ 8 ]
King John of England signs Magna Carta at Runnymede (near Windsor) (1864) John I's campaign against the Barons from September 1215 to March 1216 in England. Year 1215 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
The Albigensian Crusade (French: Croisade des albigeois), also known as the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political aspect.