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  2. Universal synchronous and asynchronous receiver-transmitter

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_synchronous_and...

    Those modems are obsolete, having been replaced by modems which convert asynchronous data to synchronous forms, but similar synchronous telecommunications protocols survive in numerous block-oriented technologies such as the widely used IEEE 802.2 (Ethernet) link-level protocol. USARTs are still sometimes integrated with MCUs.

  3. Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous...

    Example of a UART frame. In this diagram, one byte is sent, consisting of a start bit, followed by eight data bits (D1-8), and two stop bits, for a 11-bit UART frame. The number of data and formatting bits, the presence or absence of a parity bit, the form of parity (even or odd) and the transmission speed must be pre-agreed by the ...

  4. Automatic baud rate detection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_baud_rate_detection

    For example, the UART-based FlexWire protocol begins each frame with a 'U' (0x55) sync byte. FlexWire receivers use the sync byte to precisely set their UART bit-clock frequency without a high-precision oscillator. [4] For example, the Ethernet preamble contains 56 bits of alternating 1 and 0 bits for synchronizing bit clocks.

  5. 16550 UART - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16550_UART

    The 16550 UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter) is an integrated circuit designed for implementing the interface for serial communications. The corrected -A version was released in 1987 by National Semiconductor . [ 1 ]

  6. Byte-oriented protocol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte-oriented_protocol

    Byte-oriented framing protocol is "a communications protocol in which full bytes are used as control codes. Also known as character-oriented protocol." [1] For example UART communication is byte-oriented. The term "character-oriented" is deprecated, [by whom?] since the notion of character has changed. An ASCII character fits to one byte (octet ...

  7. Asynchronous serial communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_serial...

    Asynchronous start-stop is the lower data-link layer used to connect computers to modems for many dial-up Internet access applications, using a second (encapsulating) data link framing protocol such as PPP to create packets made up out of asynchronous serial characters. The most common physical layer interface used is RS-232D.

  8. 8250 UART - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8250_UART

    The 8250 UART was used in several 8-bit computers at least since 1978. IBM used the 8250 UART in the IBM PC (1981). The 8250A and 8250B revisions were later released, and the 16450 was introduced with the IBM Personal Computer/AT (1984). The main difference between releases was the maximum communication speed. [4]

  9. Intel 8251 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8251

    Intel Corporation, "8251 Programmable Communication Interface", Intel 8080 Microcomputer Systems User's Manual, September 1975, page 5-135 from bitsaver.org in PDF ^ Intel Corporation, "Microcomputer Component: New industrial grade product line answers the demand for high-reliability components to operate in industrial applications.", Intel ...