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Optimism: The construct called "optimism" is associated with having a positive outcome, outlook, or attribution, including positive emotions and motivations, while maintaining a realistic outlook. [19] Optimism was first explained by Martin Seligman, whereby optimists are defined as those who make internal, stable, and global attributions of ...
Optimism is the attitude or mindset of expecting events to lead to particularly positive, favorable, desirable, and hopeful outcomes. A common idiom used to illustrate optimism versus pessimism is a glass filled with water to the halfway point: an optimist
The term pessimism derives from the Latin word pessimus, meaning 'the worst'.It was first used by Jesuit critics of Voltaire's 1759 novel Candide, ou l'Optimisme.Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of Leibniz who maintained that this was the 'best (optimum) of all possible worlds'.
Although there is no guarantee that one's realistic prediction would turn out to be accurate, [38] the shift from realism to optimism may provide the fuel needed to bring potentially difficult tasks from conception to fruition. [39] A third risk is that positive self-perceptions may have social costs.
Notable early expressions of pessimistic thought can be found in the works of ancient philosophers such as Hegesias of Cyrene and in the Indian texts of Buddhism. However, the modern discourse on philosophical pessimism is significantly shaped by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer [ 1 ] : 4 , whose ideas in the 19th century articulated ...
Optimism is thought to be a broader form of hope, that describes more generally positive expectations for the future. This is typically measured in research using surveys that include items like "I always look at the bright side of things". Optimism is typically examined with pessimism, and is thought to be a trait that is consistent over time. [8]
The planning fallacy is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate the time needed. This phenomenon sometimes occurs regardless of the individual's knowledge that past tasks of a similar nature have taken longer to complete than generally planned.
Defensive pessimism is a cognitive strategy in which an individual sets a low expectation for their performance, regardless of how well they have done in the past. . Individuals use defensive pessimism as a strategy to prepare for anxiety-provoking events or per