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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
The original "body-wave magnitude" – mB or m B (uppercase "B") – was developed by Gutenberg 1945c and Gutenberg & Richter 1956 [25] to overcome the distance and magnitude limitations of the M L scale inherent in the use of surface waves. mB is based on the P and S waves, measured over a longer period, and does not saturate until around M 8.
The formula to calculate surface wave magnitude is: [3] = + (), where A is the maximum particle displacement in surface waves (vector sum of the two horizontal displacements) in μm, T is the corresponding period in s (usually 20 ± 2 seconds), Δ is the epicentral distance in °, and
Thus, a magnitude zero microearthquake has a seismic moment of approximately 1.1 × 10 9 N⋅m, while the Great Chilean earthquake of 1960, with an estimated moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6, had a seismic moment between 1.4 × 10 23 N⋅m and 2.8 × 10 23 N⋅m. Seismic moment magnitude (M wg or Das Magnitude Scale ) and moment magnitude (M w) scales
1.1 × 10 ^ 0: Annual: 0.13: Average USA radiation worker occupational dose in 1980 [6] 1.2 1.2 × 10 ^ 0: Acute-Abdominal X-ray [7] 2 2 × 10 ^ 0: Annual: 0.23: USA average medical and natural background Human internal radiation due to radon, varies with radon levels [8] 2 2 × 10 ^ 0: Acute-Head CT [7] 3 3 × 10 ^ 0: Annual: 0.34: USA average ...
The earthquake struck close to the city of Kamakura, Kanagawa and its magnitude has been estimated in the 7.1–7.5 range. [13] It possibly triggered a tsunami (though not all experts agree) [14] [15] and the death toll has been reported as 23,024. [12] August 3, 1361 (G) July 26, 1361 (J) 8.4 M s: 1361 Shōhei earthquake: 正平南海地震 ...
1 × 10 −12: 1.162 Wh ≈ 1 food calorie (large calorie, kcal), which is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere. 1 × 10 −9: 1.162 kWh Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle. 4.8 ...
At 10:54 A.M, The third quake (magnitude 4.8) occurred at Guimbal, Iloilo. Intensity 4 was felt in Iloilo City [12] A series of earthquakes that hit Mindanao in 2019 were classified as an earthquake swarm. [13] On October 16, a magnitude 6.3 (M wp) Struck Tulunan cotabato (Epicenter of earthquake).