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For the chemical method, many different kits are used for extraction, and selecting the correct one will save time on kit optimization and extraction procedures. PCR sensitivity detection is considered to show the variation between the commercial kits. [5] There are many different methods for extracting DNA, but some common steps include:
In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture. [45] [46] Each plant species has different requirements for successful regeneration. If successful, the technique produces an adult plant that contains the transgene in every cell. [47] In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the embryonic stem ...
Microtechnique is an aggregate of methods used to prepare micro-objects for studying. [1] It is currently being employed in many fields in life science. Two well-known branches of microtechnique are botanical (plant) microtechnique and zoological (animal) microtechnique.
Water purification combines a number of methods to produce potable or drinking water. Downstream processing refers to purification of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food ingredients produced by fermentation or synthesized by plant and animal tissues, for example antibiotics, citric acid, vitamin E, and insulin.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms.
In brewing, decoction mashing is the traditional method where a portion of the mash is removed to a separate vessel, boiled for a time and then returned to the main mash, raising the mash to the next temperature step. [citation needed] In herbalism, decoctions are usually made to extract fluids from hard plant materials such as roots and bark. [2]
Fragrance extraction refers to the separation process of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression, sieving, or enfleurage. [1] The results of the extracts are either essential oils , absolutes , concretes , or butters , depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product.
In situ Biomining, is the one current method utilizing bioleaching that serves as an effective and viable replacement for traditional mining. [21] Because in-situ biomining, negates the need for the extraction of the ore bodies, this method stops the need for any hauling or smelting of the ore. [20]