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In criminal law, it is defined as the actus reus (an action) from which the specific injury or other effect arose and is combined with mens rea (a state of mind) to comprise the elements of guilt. Causation only applies where a result has been achieved and therefore is immaterial with regard to inchoate offenses.
R v Smith (Thomas Joseph) [1959] 2 QB 35 is an English criminal law case, dealing with causation and homicide.The court ruled that neither negligence of medical staff, nor being dropped on the way from a stretcher twice, constituted breaks in the chain of causation in murder cases.
The appellant, Dr John Weston Foakes, owed the respondent, Julia Beer, a sum of £2,090 19s after a court judgment.Beer agreed that she would not take any action against Foakes for the amount owed if he would sign an agreement promising to pay an initial sum of £500 (£52,615.38 in 2012 adjusted for inflation) and pay £150 twice yearly until the whole amount was paid back.
Causation in English law concerns the legal tests of remoteness, causation and foreseeability in the tort of negligence. It is also relevant for English criminal law and English contract law . In the English law of negligence , causation proves a direct link between the defendant ’s negligence and the claimant ’s loss and damage.
[2] Scheb discussed the manner in which the court determines the factual basis for the plea, "In determining that a factual basis exists for the defendant's plea, judges often have the prosecutor briefly outline available proof to establish a prima facie case of the defendant's guilt. A more extensive inquiry is usually necessary for specific ...
Criminal Law Directions. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2016. Chapter 15.5.3. Pages 426 and 427. Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2012. Pages 82, 99, 103 and 107. R S Clark, "The Defence of Impossibility and Offences of Strict Liability" (1968 to 1969) 11 Criminal Law Quarterly 154
R v Dear [1996] is an English criminal law case, dealing with homicide and causation. The court ruled, slightly extending R v Holland , that even if a victim aggravates his wounds sufficiently to cause otherwise avoidable death, the chain of causation is not broken.
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