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  2. Otis–Lennon School Ability Test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis–Lennon_School...

    The Otis-Lennon is group-administered (except preschool), multiple choice, taken with pencil and paper, measures verbal, quantitative, and spatial reasoning ability. The test yields verbal and nonverbal scores, from which a total score is derived, called a School Ability Index (SAI).

  3. Number theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory

    Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."

  4. Numerical analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis

    The field of numerical analysis predates the invention of modern computers by many centuries. Linear interpolation was already in use more than 2000 years ago. Many great mathematicians of the past were preoccupied by numerical analysis, [5] as is obvious from the names of important algorithms like Newton's method, Lagrange interpolation polynomial, Gaussian elimination, or Euler's method.

  5. Mathematical optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization

    Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering [3] to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries. [4] [5]

  6. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    Presently, "calculus" refers mainly to the elementary part of this theory, and "analysis" is commonly used for advanced parts. [41] Analysis is further subdivided into real analysis, where variables represent real numbers, and complex analysis, where variables represent complex numbers.

  7. Proportional reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_reasoning

    In Piaget's model of intellectual development, the fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage.In the classic book "The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence" by Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder formal operational reasoning takes many forms, including propositional reasoning, deductive logic, separation and control of variables, combinatorial reasoning, and ...

  8. Raven's Progressive Matrices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven's_Progressive_Matrices

    The cover of a test booklet for Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence. [1]

  9. Quantitative research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research

    Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. [1] It is formed from a deductive approach where emphasis is placed on the testing of theory, shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies.