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This article summarizes the world palladium production by country. This is a list of countries by palladium production in kilograms, based upon data from the United States Geological Survey. [1] In 2019, the world production of palladium totaled 210,000 kilograms—down 5% from 220,000 kg in 2018.
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Most palladium is used for catalytic converters in the automobile industry. [77] Catalytic converters are targets for thieves because they contain palladium and other rare metals. In the run up to year 2000, the Russian supply of palladium to the global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted; for political reasons, the export quota was not ...
Although both have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in art, jewelry, and coinage. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, of which platinum is the most widely traded. [1]
Palladium forms a variety of ionic, coordination, and organopalladium compounds, typically with oxidation state Pd 0 or Pd 2+. Palladium(III) compounds have also been reported. Palladium compounds are frequently used as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions such as the Sonogashira coupling and Suzuki reaction.
Organopalladium chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic palladium compounds and their reactions. Palladium is often used as a catalyst in the reduction of alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen. This process involves the formation of a palladium-carbon covalent bond.
Naturally occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys were known by pre-Columbian Americans for many years. [5] However, even though the metal was used by pre-Columbian peoples, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between ...
Accurate data collection is essential to many business processes, [6] [7] [8] to the enforcement of many government regulations, [9] and to maintaining the integrity of scientific research. [10] Data collection systems are an end-product of software development. Identifying and categorizing software or a software sub-system as having aspects of ...