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The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
The two main symptoms of a major depressive episode are a depressed mood and a loss of interest or pleasure. [3] From the list below, one bold symptom and four other symptoms must be presented for at least 2 weeks for a diagnosis of a major depressive episode. Weight loss or gain; Change in body activity (psychomotor changes) Change in sleep ...
Depression, one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders, [2] [3] is being diagnosed in increasing numbers in various segments of the population worldwide. [4] [5] Depression in the United States alone affects 17.6 million Americans each year or 1 in 6 people. Depressed patients are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes ...
[263] [264] About 2–8% of adults with major depression die by suicide. [2] [265] In the US, the lifetime risk of suicide associated with a diagnosis of major depression is estimated at 7% for men and 1% for women, [266] even though suicide attempts are more frequent in women. [267] Depressed people also have a higher rate of dying from other ...
Endogenous depression is an atypical subclass of major depressive disorder (clinical depression). It could be caused by genetic and biological factors. [ 1 ] Endogenous depression occurs due to the presence of an internal (cognitive, biological) stressor instead of an external (social, environmental) stressor. [ 2 ]
Psychotic depression can be difficult to distinguish from schizoaffective disorder, a diagnosis that requires the presence of psychotic symptoms for at least two weeks without any mood symptoms present. [2] Unipolar psychotic depression requires that psychotic symptoms occur during severe depressive episodes, although residual psychotic ...
Early life stresses that could lead to major depressive disorder include periodic maternal separation, child abuse, divorce, and loss. [2] [3] These factors can result in epigenetic marks that can alter gene expression and impact the development of key brain regions such as the hippocampus.
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