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A function V gives interaction energy between a set of spins; it is not the Hamiltonian, but is used to build it. The argument to the function V is an element s ∈ Q Z, that is, an infinite string of spins. In the above example, the function V just picked out two spins out of the infinite string: the values s 0 and s 1.
When a manifold carries a spin C structure at all, the set of spin C structures forms an affine space. Moreover, the set of spin C structures has a free transitive action of H 2 (M, Z). Thus, spin C-structures correspond to elements of H 2 (M, Z) although not in a natural way.
The number "2s + 1" is the multiplicity of the spin system. For example, there are only two possible values for a spin- 1 / 2 particle: s z = + 1 / 2 and s z = − 1 / 2 . These correspond to quantum states in which the spin component is pointing in the +z or −z directions
whose solution has only two possible z-components for the electron. In the electron, the two different spin orientations are sometimes called "spin-up" or "spin-down". The spin property of an electron would give rise to magnetic moment, which was a requisite for the fourth quantum number. The magnetic moment vector of an electron spin is given by:
Spin network diagram, after Penrose In physics , a spin network is a type of diagram which can be used to represent states and interactions between particles and fields in quantum mechanics . From a mathematical perspective, the diagrams are a concise way to represent multilinear functions and functions between representations of matrix groups .
a solid solution mixes with others to form a new solution The phase diagram in the above diagram displays an alloy of two metals which forms a solid solution at all relative concentrations of the two species. In this case, the pure phase of each element is of the same crystal structure, and the similar properties of the two elements allow for ...
The Ising model (or Lenz–Ising model), named after the physicists Ernst Ising and Wilhelm Lenz, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics.The model consists of discrete variables that represent magnetic dipole moments of atomic "spins" that can be in one of two states (+1 or −1).
The Jordan–Wigner transformation is often used to exactly solve 1D spin-chains such as the Ising and XY models by transforming the spin operators to fermionic operators and then diagonalizing in the fermionic basis. This transformation actually shows that the distinction between spin-1/2 particles and fermions is nonexistent.