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In mathematics, a plane is a two-dimensional space or flat surface that extends indefinitely. A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space. When working exclusively in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the definite article is used, so the Euclidean plane refers to the ...
A plane curve can often be represented in Cartesian coordinates by an implicit equation of the form (,) = for some specific function f.If this equation can be solved explicitly for y or x – that is, rewritten as = or = for specific function g or h – then this provides an alternative, explicit, form of the representation.
Indicator function: maps x to either 1 or 0, depending on whether or not x belongs to some subset. Step function: A finite linear combination of indicator functions of half-open intervals. Heaviside step function: 0 for negative arguments and 1 for positive arguments. The integral of the Dirac delta function. Sawtooth wave; Square wave ...
Let (x, y, z) be the standard Cartesian coordinates, and (ρ, θ, φ) the spherical coordinates, with θ the angle measured away from the +Z axis (as , see conventions in spherical coordinates). As φ has a range of 360° the same considerations as in polar (2 dimensional) coordinates apply whenever an arctangent of it is taken. θ has a range ...
For example, a circle of radius 2, centered at the origin of the plane, may be described as the set of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x 2 + y 2 = 4; the area, the perimeter and the tangent line at any point can be computed from this equation by using integrals and derivatives, in a way that can be applied to any curve.
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In the Cartesian plane it may be assumed that the range of the arctangent function takes the values (−π/2, π/2) (in radians), and some care must be taken to define the more complete arctangent function for points (x, y) when x ≤ 0. [note 1] In the complex plane these polar coordinates take the form
In graph theory, a planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, i.e., it can be drawn on the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints. In other words, it can be drawn in such a way that no edges cross each other. [9] Such a drawing is called a plane graph or planar embedding of the graph.