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The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .
For a lattice L in Euclidean space R n with unit covolume, i.e. vol(R n /L) = 1, let λ 1 (L) denote the least length of a nonzero element of L. Then √γ n n is the maximum of λ 1 (L) over all such lattices L. 1822 to 1901 Hafner–Sarnak–McCurley constant [118]
The constant e also has applications to probability theory, where it arises in a way not obviously related to exponential growth. As an example, suppose that a slot machine with a one in n probability of winning is played n times, then for large n (e.g., one million), the probability that nothing will be won will tend to 1/e as n tends to infinity.
The mathematical constant e can be represented in a variety of ways as a real number. Since e is an irrational number (see proof that e is irrational), it cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers, but it can be represented as a continued fraction. Using calculus, e may also be represented as an infinite series, infinite product, or ...
Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. . The exponential of a variable is denoted or , with the two notations used interchangeab
[46] [47] If e γ is a rational number, then its denominator must be greater than 10 15000. [3] Euler's constant is conjectured not to be an algebraic period, [3] but the values of its first 10 9 decimal digits seem to indicate that it could be a normal number. [48]
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Euler's identity is also a special case of the more general identity that the n th roots of unity, for n > 1, add up to 0: = = Euler's identity is the case where n = 2. A similar identity also applies to quaternion exponential: let {i, j, k} be the basis quaternions; then,