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Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation , encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia: the inability to form and retain new memories.
Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding area can cause anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new memories. [3] This implies that the hippocampus is important not only for storing cognitive maps, but for encoding memories.
Damage to any part of this system, including the hippocampus and surrounding cortices, results in amnesic syndromes. [1] This is why after a stroke people have a chance of developing cognitive deficits that result in anterograde amnesia, since strokes can involve the temporal lobe in the temporal cortex, and the temporal cortex houses the ...
Henry Gustav Molaison (February 26, 1926 – December 2, 2008), known widely as H.M., was an American who had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to surgically resect the anterior two thirds of his hippocampi, parahippocampal cortices, entorhinal cortices, piriform cortices, and amygdalae in an attempt to cure his epilepsy.
Particularly, damage to hippocampal CA1 cells adversely affects memory formation, [3] and this disruption has been linked to dose-dependent levels of alcohol consumption. [4] At higher doses, alcohol significantly inhibits neuronal activity in both the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus.
Hippocampal sclerosis is the most common brain abnormality in those with temporal lobe epilepsy. [16] Hippocampal sclerosis may occur in children under 2 years of age with 1 instance seen as early as 6 months. [17] About 70% of those evaluated for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery have hippocampal sclerosis.
This supports the idea that damage to any part of the extended hippocampal memory system causes similar memory deficits. [4] Other aspects of cognition, such as social cognition and language ability, remain intact after fornix damage. Lesion findings have been extended by work using the non-invasive in vivo technique diffusion-weighted imaging.
Damage to different areas of the brain can have varied effects on memory. The temporal lobes, on the sides of the brain, contain the hippocampus and amygdala, and therefore have a lot to do with memory transition and formation. Patients who have had injury to this area have experienced problems creating new long-term memories.