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An object with intrinsic value may be regarded as an end, or in Kantian terminology, as an end-in-itself. [2] The term "intrinsic value" is used in axiology, a branch of philosophy that studies value (including both ethics and aesthetics). All major normative ethical theories identify something as being intrinsically valuable.
In moral philosophy, instrumental and intrinsic value are the distinction between what is a means to an end and what is as an end in itself. [1] Things are deemed to have instrumental value (or extrinsic value [2]) if they help one achieve a particular end; intrinsic values, by contrast, are understood to be desirable in and of themselves.
Ross ascribes intrinsic value to pleasure, knowledge, virtue and justice. [2] It is easy to confuse rightness and goodness in the case of moral goodness. An act is right if it conforms to the agent's absolute duty. [3]: 28 Doing the act for the appropriate motive is not important for rightness but it is central for moral goodness or virtue. [4]
An intrinsically valuable thing is worth for itself, not as a means to something else. It is giving value intrinsic and extrinsic properties. An ethic good with instrumental value may be termed an ethic mean, and an ethic good with intrinsic value may be termed an end-in-itself. An object may be both a mean and end-in-itself.
For example, if a virtuous person becomes happy then the intrinsic value of the happiness is simply added to the intrinsic value of the virtue, thereby increasing the overall value. [94] G. E. Moore introduced the idea of organic unities to describe entities whose total intrinsic value is not the sum of the intrinsic values of their parts. [95]
Moral injury is a relatively new concept that seems to describe what many feel: a sense that their fundamental understanding of right and wrong has been violated, and the grief, numbness or guilt that often ensues. Here, you will meet combat veterans struggling with the moral and ethical ambiguities of war.
Our knowledge of value in itself comes from self-evident intuitions and is not inferred from other things, unlike our knowledge of goodness as a means or of duties. [6] Among the things that are good in themselves, there is an important difference between the value of a whole and the values of its parts .
Despite her deepest fears, Joseph came home from his two combat tours at age 22, physically sound. But the demons of his moral injuries followed close behind and eventually closed in on him. It turned out, she realized too late, that coming home was more dangerous than being at war. “It wasn’t Afghanistan where he died,” she reminded me.