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Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. [1] This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference.
Adaptive beamforming was initially developed in the 1960s for the military applications of sonar and radar. [1] There exist several modern applications for beamforming, one of the most visible applications being commercial wireless networks such as LTE. Initial applications of adaptive beamforming were largely focused in radar and electronic ...
Time domain beamformer works by introducing time delays. The basic operation is called "delay and sum". It delays the incoming signal from each array element by a certain amount of time, and then adds them together. A Butler matrix allows several beams to be formed simultaneously, or one beam to be scanned through an arc. The most common kind ...
The goal is to perform beamforming such that the beam appears stationary as the airborne radar is in motion over discrete time periods so the clutter appears without Doppler. [2] However, phase errors can cause significant degradation since the algorithm is not adaptive to the returned data. [2]
Discrete-time beamforming is primarily of interest in the fields of seismology, acoustics, sonar and low frequency wireless communications. Antennas regularly make use of beamforming but it is mostly contained within the analog domain. Beamforming begins with an array of sensors to detect a 4-D signal (3 physical dimensions and time).
A Butler matrix is a beamforming network used to feed a phased array of antenna elements. Its purpose is to control the direction of a beam, or beams, of radio transmission . It consists of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix ( n {\displaystyle n} some power of two) with hybrid couplers and fixed-value phase shifters at the junctions.
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Beam steering is a technique for changing the direction of the main lobe of a radiation pattern.. In radio and radar systems, beam steering may be accomplished by switching the antenna elements or by changing the relative phases of the RF signals driving the elements.