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The continuing flow of fresh river water soon flushed out the salt water. Part of the IJsselmeer was later closed off to form the Markermeer . From 1929 till 1967, over half the IJsselmeer was drained, creating 1,979 km 2 (764 sq mi) of polders : [ 4 ] Wieringermeerpolder , Noordoostpolder , East and South Flevoland .
This body of water is then pumped up into the IJsselmeer. It is sometimes called the Gelderse IJssel (IPA: [ˌɣɛldərsə ˈʔɛisəl] ⓘ; "Gueldern IJssel") to distinguish it from the Hollandse IJssel. It is in the provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel, the latter of which was named after this river. The Romans knew the river as Isala.
The 1953 flood disaster prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other water-retaining structures, based on an acceptable probability of overflowing. Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences. The potential damage in lives, property and rebuilding costs is compared to the potential cost of water defences.
The salt water inlet changed into a fresh water lake now called the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake) after the river that drains into it, and by means of drainage and polders, an area of some 1,500 km 2 (580 sq mi) was reclaimed as land. This land eventually became the province of Flevoland. [1] Part of the IJsselmeer was also divided into the Markermeer.
Nowadays, eels are rare in the IJsselmeer; the most probable causes are water pollution, and the industrial fishing of their offspring ("glass eels" due to their transparency) during their travels back to Europe from the eels' breeding waters in the Sargasso Sea for rearing in land-based containers.
On the west side of the dike is the Markermeer and on the east is the IJsselmeer. The 26-kilometer-long dike was intended for the Markerwaard, but the construction of this polder was abandoned in 2003 due to environmental concerns. The Houtribdijk was widened and reinforced between 2017 and 2020. [1] [2]
The inner berm slope toward the future water level of the IJsselmeer (or Amstelmeer) was designed to be steeper than the outer slope, with a ratio of approximately 1:3. The majority of the dam's core consisted of sand, while boulder clay on the exterior provided resistance against water flow, limiting seepage and enhancing dike breach protection.
Within the Netherlands, it is bounded from the IJsselmeer by the Afsluitdijk. Historically, the coastal regions were often subjected to large floods, resulting in thousands of deaths, including the Saint Marcellus' floods of 1219 and 1362, Burchardi flood of 1634 and Christmas Flood of 1717. Some of these also significantly changed the coastline.
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