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Papilledema or papilloedema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause. [1] The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. [2] Unilateral presentation is extremely rare. In intracranial hypertension, the optic disc swelling most commonly occurs bilaterally.
Drug-induced intracranial hypertension (DIIH) or medication-induced intracranial hypertension is a condition of higher than normal intracranial pressure with the main cause being a drug. [15] This condition is similar to idiopathic intracranial hypertension , however the etiology in this instance is a drug. [ 16 ]
If the papilledema has been longstanding, visual fields may be constricted and visual acuity may be decreased. Visual field testing by automated perimetry is recommended as other methods of testing may be less accurate. Longstanding papilledema leads to optic atrophy, in which the disc looks pale and visual loss tends to be advanced. [5] [9]
The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. It is commonly associated with diabetes.Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell.
This is a list of drugs and substances that are known or suspected to cause Stevens–Johnson syndrome This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources .
Commonly prescribed thyroid drug levothyroxine was linked with bone mass and bone density loss in a cohort of older adults in a recent study. ... This in turn causes the thyroid to produce T3 and ...
Chronic inflammation within the eye including iridocyclitis, medications including anti glaucoma drugs, or proliferative vitreoretinopathy causes decreased production. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Increased outflow or aqueous loss may occur following a glaucoma surgery , trauma, post-surgical wound leak from the eye, cyclodialysis cleft, tractional ciliary body ...
Jessica DeCristofaro was diagnosed with stage 4B Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a rare form of cancer, at 28 years old. Here, she shares her story and what doctors missed.