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  2. Sample (material) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(material)

    The material may be solid, liquid, gas, a material of some intermediate characteristics such as gel or sputum, tissue, organism, or a combination of these.Even if a material sample is not countable as individual items, the quantity of the sample may still be describable in terms of its volume, mass, size, or other such dimensions.

  3. Liquid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

    Liquid is one of the four primary states of matter, with the others being solid, gas and plasma. A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid, the molecules in a liquid have a much greater freedom to move. The forces that bind the molecules together in a solid are only temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a solid remains rigid.

  4. Liquidus and solidus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidus_and_solidus

    The solidus is the locus of temperatures (a curve on a phase diagram) below which a given substance is completely solid (crystallized). The solidus temperature specifies the temperature below which a material is completely solid, [2] and the minimum temperature at which a melt can co-exist with crystals in thermodynamic equilibrium.

  5. Phase transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

    A monotectic reaction consists of change from a liquid and to a combination of a solid and a second liquid, where the two liquids display a miscibility gap. [1] Separation into multiple phases can occur via spinodal decomposition, in which a single phase is cooled and separates into two different compositions.

  6. Extraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)

    Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase, and a lower aqueous phase. Soxhlet extractor. Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix. The distribution ...

  7. Solid solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solution

    The IUPAC definition of a solid solution is a "solid in which components are compatible and form a unique phase". [3]The definition "crystal containing a second constituent which fits into and is distributed in the lattice of the host crystal" given in refs., [4] [5] is not general and, thus, is not recommended.

  8. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid). A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively. In this state, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears.

  9. Phase (matter) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

    Useful mesophases between solid and liquid form other states of matter. Distinct phases may also exist within a given state of matter. As shown in the diagram for iron alloys, several phases exist for both the solid and liquid states. Phases may also be differentiated based on solubility as in polar (hydrophilic) or non-polar (hydrophobic). A ...