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Human macrophages are about 21 micrometres (0.00083 in) in diameter [8] and are produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68 ...
The first clear description of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry dates back to the late 1980s, when a population of CD16-positive monocytes was described. [6] [7] Today, three types of monocytes are recognized in human blood: [8] The classical monocyte is characterized by high level expression of the CD14 cell surface receptor (CD14 ++ CD16 ...
The CD nomenclature was proposed and established in the 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA), held in Paris in 1982. [4] [5] This system was intended for the classification of the many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated by different laboratories around the world against epitopes on the surface molecules of leukocytes (white blood cells).
Flow cytometry (FC) is a technique used to detect and measure the physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. [1] [2] [3] [4]In this process, a sample containing cells or particles is suspended in a fluid and injected into the flow cytometer instrument.
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
The mononuclear phagocyte system and the monocyte macrophage system refer to two different entities, often mistakenly understood as one. [ citation needed ] " Reticuloendothelial system " is an older term for the mononuclear phagocyte system, but it is used less commonly now, as it is understood that most endothelial cells are not macrophages .
ED1 is the most widely used monoclonal antibody clone directed against the rat CD68 protein and is used to identify macrophages, Kupffer cells, osteoclasts, monocytes, and activated microglia in rat tissues. [13] [14] [15] In this species, it is expressed in most macrophage populations and thus ED1 is commonly used as a pan-macrophage marker. [16]
In flow cytometry, CD23 is helpful in the differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CD23-positive) from mantle cell lymphoma (CD23-negative). [9] CD23 can also be demonstrated in germinal centre follicular dendritic cells using immunohistochemistry but is minimally expressed by benign germinal center B cells. In contrast to neoplastic ...
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