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Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM, PSSM, EPSSM) is a hereditary glycogen storage disease of horses that causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.It is currently known to affect the following breeds American Quarter Horses, American Paint Horses, Warmbloods, Cobs, Dales Ponies, Thoroughbreds, Arabians, New Forest ponies, and a large number of Heavy horse breeds.
As a result, the muscle cannot contract efficiently (paralysis). The condition is hypokalemic (manifests when potassium is low; not "causing hypokalemia") because a low extracellular potassium ion concentration will cause the muscle to repolarise to the resting potential more quickly, so even if calcium conductance does occur it cannot be ...
Beyond the probable hereditary factor, no other single cause is known to trigger ER in horses. Due to the "Exertional" component, exercise is seen in every case of ER regardless of type and severity. However, exercise cannot alone be the singular cause of ER, rather it is always accompanied by another factor.
Other medications such as the antifungal amphotericin B or the cancer drug cisplatin can also cause long-term hypokalemia. Diuretic abuse among athletes [11] and people with eating disorders [12] may present with hypokalemia due to urinary potassium loss. A special case of potassium loss occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypokalemia is ...
Excretion is the most common cause of hypokalemia and can be caused by diuretic use, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperaldosteronism, and renal tubular acidosis. [3] Potassium can also be lost through vomiting and diarrhea. [14]
Also of note is that potassium levels do not have to range outside of normal limits to cause serious, even life-threatening paralysis. These diseases are not the same as having a very low level of potassium (hypokalemia) or high potassium (hyperkalemia) and must not be treated as such. The total body store of potassium is usually normal; it is ...
Horses kept in near-complete isolation, particularly in a closed stable where they cannot see other animals, may require a stable companion such as a cat, goat, or even a small pony or donkey, to provide company and reduce stress. When anxiety over separation occurs while a horse is being handled by a human, the horse is described as "herd-bound".
Horses can develop a number of muscle disorders, many of which may progress to rhabdomyolysis. Of these, some cause isolated attacks of rhabdomyolysis (e.g., dietary deficiency in vitamin E and selenium , poisoning associated with pasture or agricultural poisons such as organophosphates ), while others predispose to exertional rhabdomyolysis (e ...
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related to: hypokalemia in horses due to stress management and anxiety list of factors