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Hydrolysis (/ h aɪ ˈ d r ɒ l ɪ s ɪ s /; from Ancient Greek hydro- 'water' and lysis 'to unbind') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution , elimination , and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile .
Atmospheric electricity utilization for the chemical reaction in which water is separated into oxygen and hydrogen. (Image via: Vion, US patent 28793. June 1860.) Electrolyser front with electrical panel in foreground. Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H 2 O) into oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen (H 2): [2] Water electrolysis ship ...
In the case of water electrolysis, Gibbs free energy represents the minimum work necessary for the reaction to proceed, and the reaction enthalpy is the amount of energy (both work and heat) that has to be provided so the reaction products are at the same temperature as the reactant (i.e. standard temperature for the values given above ...
The reaction is called hydrolysis, because a hydroxyl ion becomes attached to the silicon atom as follows: Si(OR) 4 + H 2 O → HO−Si(OR) 3 + R−OH. Depending on the amount of water and catalyst present, hydrolysis may proceed to completion to silica: Si(OR) 4 + 2 H 2 O → SiO 2 + 4 R−OH
In its most characteristic reaction, PCl 5 reacts upon contact with water to release hydrogen chloride and give phosphorus oxides. The first hydrolysis product is phosphorus oxychloride: PCl 5 + H 2 O → POCl 3 + 2 HCl. In hot water, hydrolysis proceeds completely to orthophosphoric acid: PCl 5 + 4 H 2 O → H 3 PO 4 + 5 HCl
Structure of ATP Structure of ADP Four possible resonance structures for inorganic phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released after splitting these bonds, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy.
The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word most often applies to cations ...
The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of a catalyst. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and to the biosynthesis of fatty ...