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Schematic sketch of the volcanic and igneous plumbing systems (after Burchardt, 2018). [1] [2]Volcanic and igneous plumbing systems (VIPS) consist of interconnected magma channels and chambers through which magma flows and is stored within Earth's crust. [1]
They are studied by geologists for the clues they provide on volcanic plumbing systems. [6] They also record ancient episodes of extension of the Earth's crust, since large numbers of dikes (dike swarms) are formed when the crust is pulled apart by tectonic forces. The dikes show the direction of extension, since they form at right angles to ...
Estimating the volcanic flux rate or magma supply of a volcanic system is inherently difficult for a number of reasons, and different measurements can come to different conclusions about the volcanic flux rate of a given volcanic system. Not all volcanic bodies are equally well exposed, and it is often impossible or difficult to measure magma ...
If the magma is not vented to the surface in a volcanic eruption, it will slowly cool and crystallize at depth to form an intrusive igneous body, one, for example, composed of granite or gabbro (see also pluton). Often, a volcano may have a deep magma chamber many kilometers down, which supplies a shallower chamber near the summit.
Examples exist in Iceland [1] and near other large volcanoes, (stratovolcanoes, calderas, shield volcanoes and other fissure systems) around the world. They consist of several to hundreds of dikes emplaced more or less contemporaneously during a single intrusive event, are magmatic and stratigraphic, and may form a large igneous province .
The outgoing head of Ohio's troubled teachers retirement system said that she is leaving the fund in strong fiscal condition, despite the turmoil at the top that her successor will inherit. In a ...
A U.S. appeals court has rejected British socialite Ghislaine Maxwell's request to revisit its decision upholding her conviction for helping the late financier Jeffrey Epstein sexually abuse ...
President-elect Donald Trump’s team is gaming out an aggressive strategy toward Latin America that will be a crucial element to plans to deport migrants at large scale, according to two sources ...
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