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The studies often show different results about the body strength difference between the both sexes. Two studies, conducted in the four European Union countries, involving 2,000 participants (1,000 men and 1 000 women) concluded that females are 74 - 92% as strong as males, as many women (211 of 1,000) are still physically stronger than average men.
[1] [2] Estrogenic fat refers to subcutaneous adipose deposits as they are more sensitive to estrogen signaling than visceral adipose deposits due to higher concentrations of estrogen receptors than the latter. [3] Studies have shown that not only does body fat distribution vary by sex, [4] but is also modulated by sex hormones.
The distribution of fat varies, with fat tending to deposit first in the buttocks, hips, and thighs. As body fat percentage increases, an increasing proportion of body fat is distributed around the waist and upper abdomen. The women of this body type tend to have a relatively larger rear, thicker thighs, and a small(er) bosom.
The differences in gynoid fat between men and women can be seen in the typical "hourglass" figure of a woman, compared to the inverted triangle which is typical of the male figure. Women commonly have a higher body fat percentage than men, and the deposition of fat in particular areas is thought to be controlled by sex hormones and growth ...
Women tend to have more body fat than men, even if they have the same BMI. Body fat can also differ between races, ethnicities and ages — older folks tend to have more body fat than younger ...
Malnutrition and significant loss of body fat suppress gonadotropin secretion, leading to hypogonadism. This is reversible when adequate nutrition resumes, where the return of gonadotropin secretion and gonadal function cause a transient imbalance of estrogen and androgen that mimics puberty, resulting in transient gynecomastia. [ 44 ]
The volumes of sexually dimorphic brain structures in transgender women were found to change and approximate typical female brain structures when exposed to estrogen concomitantly with androgen deprivation over a period of months, [31] suggesting that estrogen and/or androgens have a significant part to play in sex differentiation of the brain ...
In females, breasts are a manifestation of higher levels of estrogen; estrogen also widens the pelvis and increases the amount of body fat in hips, thighs, buttocks, and breasts. [1] [2] Estrogen also induces growth of the uterus, proliferation of the endometrium, and menstruation. [1] Female secondary sex characteristics include: