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Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination. [1] [6]In terms of visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test).
Risk factors for kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, older age, ethnic group and smoking. For most patients, a GFR over 60 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) is adequate. But significant decline of the GFR from a previous test result can be an early indicator of kidney disease requiring medical intervention.
Most patients present with both manifestations, but some present with loin pain or hematuria alone. Pain episodes are rarely associated with low-grade fever and dysuria, but urinary tract infection is not present. The major causes of flank pain and hematuria, such as nephrolithiasis and blood clot, are typically not present. Renal arteriography ...
Most patients have been reported to have gross or microscopic hematuria. [8] Significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase levels and proteinuria may also be observed. [7] Renal angiography is still the gold standard, but CT renal angiography, CT angiography, and DMSA radioisotope scan can also be used to establish the diagnosis. [4]
Hematuria (one of the symptoms of Nephritic syndrome. Historically, nephritic syndrome has been characterized by blood in the urine (), high blood pressure (hypertension), decreased urine output <400 ml/day (), red blood cell casts, pyuria, and mild to moderate proteinuria.
CT showing dilatation and thrombosis of the left renal vein in a patient with nutcracker syndrome. There are no laboratory tests used to diagnose RVT. [citation needed] Observing the patient's symptoms, medical history and imaging remain the fundamental source for diagnosing RVT. Imaging is used to detect the presence of a blood clot.
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Most patients with thin basement membrane disease need only reassurance. Indeed, this disease was previously referred to as "benign familial hematuria" because of its usually benign course. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been suggested to reduce the episodes of hematuria, though controlled studies