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Bertrand's box paradox: A paradox of conditional probability closely related to the Boy or Girl paradox. Bertrand's paradox: Different common-sense definitions of randomness give quite different results. Birthday paradox: In a random group of only 23 people, there is a better than 50/50 chance two of them have the same birthday.
In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell in 1901. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Russell's paradox shows that every set theory that contains an unrestricted comprehension principle leads to contradictions. [ 3 ]
This category contains paradoxes in mathematics, but excluding those concerning informal logic. "Paradox" here has the sense of "unintuitive result", rather than "apparent contradiction". "Paradox" here has the sense of "unintuitive result", rather than "apparent contradiction".
The Principles of Mathematics (PoM) is a 1903 book by Bertrand Russell, in which the author presented his famous paradox and argued his thesis that mathematics and logic are identical. [ 1 ] The book presents a view of the foundations of mathematics and Meinongianism and has become a classic reference.
B. Russell: The principles of mathematics I, Cambridge 1903. B. Russell: On some difficulties in the theory of transfinite numbers and order types, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) 4 (1907) 29-53. P. J. Cohen: Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis, Benjamin, New York 1966. S. Wagon: The Banach–Tarski Paradox, Cambridge University Press ...
These paradoxes have stirred extensive philosophical and mathematical discussion throughout history, [1] [2] particularly regarding the nature of infinity and the continuity of space and time. Initially, Aristotle 's interpretation, suggesting a potential rather than actual infinity, was widely accepted. [ 1 ]
Newcomb's paradox was created by William Newcomb of the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. However, it was first analyzed in a philosophy paper by Robert Nozick in 1969 [ 1 ] and appeared in the March 1973 issue of Scientific American , in Martin Gardner 's " Mathematical Games ". [ 2 ]
The Berry paradox is a self-referential paradox arising from an expression like "The smallest positive integer not definable in under sixty letters" (a phrase with fifty-seven letters). Bertrand Russell , the first to discuss the paradox in print, attributed it to G. G. Berry (1867–1928), [ 1 ] a junior librarian at Oxford 's Bodleian Library .