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SIADH is less common than appropriate release of ADH. While it should be considered in a differential, other causes should be considered as well. [15] Cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) also presents with hyponatremia, there are signs of dehydration for which reason the management is diametrically opposed to SIADH. Importantly CSWS can be ...
The frequency rate of Addison's disease in the human population is sometimes estimated at one in 100,000. [39] Some put the number closer to 40–144 cases per million population (1/25,000–1/7,000). [1] [40] [41] Addison's can affect persons of any age, sex, or ethnicity, but it typically presents in adults between 30 and 50 years of age.
Application of this name to DI arose from the fact that diabetes insipidus does not cause glycosuria (excretion of glucose into the urine). In a large survey conducted amongst patients with central diabetes insipidus, the majority were in favor of changing the disease's name to "vasopressin deficiency" to avoid confusion with diabetes mellitus.
SIADH is typically treated by correcting the underlying cause and with fluid restriction while high volume hyponatremia is typically treated with both fluid restriction and a diet low in salt. [1] [4] Correction should generally be gradual in those in whom the low levels have been present for more than two days. [4]
Addison's disease can present with tanning of the skin that may be patchy or even all over the body. Characteristic sites of tanning are skin creases (e.g. of the hands) and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa). Goitre and vitiligo may also be present. [1] Eosinophilia may also occur. [10] Hyponatremia is a sign of secondary insufficiency. [11]
Adipsia, also known as hypodipsia, is a symptom of inappropriately decreased or absent feelings of thirst. [1] [2] It involves an increased osmolality or concentration of solute in the urine, which stimulates secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus to the kidneys.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is most common in its acquired forms, meaning that the defect was not present at birth. These acquired forms have numerous potential causes. The most obvious cause is a kidney or systemic disorder, including amyloidosis, [2] polycystic kidney disease, [3] electrolyte imbalance, [4] [5] or some other kidney defect. [2]
Adrenal gland malfunction can present acutely or chronically. In a more chronic case, it is similar to Addison's disease with symptoms including fatigue, weight loss, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels), low hemoglobin levels (anemia) and hyponatremia (low sodium levels) that develop over several months or years. [11]