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The multiple valued version of log(z) is a set, but it is easier to write it without braces and using it in formulas follows obvious rules. log(z) is the set of complex numbers v which satisfy e v = z; arg(z) is the set of possible values of the arg function applied to z. When k is any integer:
Because log(x) is the sum of the terms of the form log(1 + 2 −k) corresponding to those k for which the factor 1 + 2 −k was included in the product P, log(x) may be computed by simple addition, using a table of log(1 + 2 −k) for all k. Any base may be used for the logarithm table. [53]
The simplification of multiplication, division, roots, and powers is counterbalanced by the cost of evaluating these functions for addition and subtraction. This added cost of evaluation may not be critical when using an LNS primarily for increasing the precision of floating-point math operations.
If each subtraction is replaced with addition of the opposite (additive inverse), then the associative and commutative laws of addition allow terms to be added in any order. The radical symbol √ is traditionally extended by a bar (called vinculum) over the radicand (this avoids the need for parentheses around the radicand). Other functions ...
In particular, the addition and subtraction formulas need to treat = as a special case. This can be extended to arithmetic of the projective line by introducing another symbol + ∞ {\displaystyle +\infty } satisfying α + ∞ = ∞ {\displaystyle \alpha ^{+\infty }=\infty } and other rules as appropriate.
A graph of the common logarithm of numbers from 0.1 to 100. In mathematics, the common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. [1] It is also known as the decadic logarithm and as the decimal logarithm, named after its base, or Briggsian logarithm, after Henry Briggs, an English mathematician who pioneered its use, as well as standard logarithm.
In addition to the logarithmic scales, some slide rules have other mathematical functions encoded on other auxiliary scales. The most popular are trigonometric , usually sine and tangent , common logarithm (log 10 ) (for taking the log of a value on a multiplier scale), natural logarithm (ln) and exponential ( e x ) scales.
In mathematics, addition and subtraction logarithms or Gaussian logarithms can be utilized to find the logarithms of the sum and difference of a pair of values whose logarithms are known, without knowing the values themselves. [1] Their mathematical foundations trace back to Zecchini Leonelli [2] [3] and Carl Friedrich Gauss [4] [1] [5] in the ...