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Pain has the adaptive advantage that it invokes a level of learning, thereby preventing the animal from repeatedly exposing itself to potential injury. [36] Pain cannot be directly measured in other animals, including other humans; responses to putatively painful stimuli can be measured, but not the experience itself.
The coxal gland is thought to be homologous with the antennal gland of crustaceans. The gland consists of an end sac (saccule), a long duct (labyrinth) and a terminal bladder (reservoir). [2] There is generally only one pair (two in some spiders), and they open on the coxae of the walking legs [1] or at the base of the second antennae in the ...
Antennae (sg.: antenna) (sometimes referred to as "feelers") are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods. Antennae are connected to the first one or two segments of the arthropod head. They vary widely in form but are always made of one or more jointed segments.
Histological changes are seen in the gill epithelium, antennal gland, haematopoeitic tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and intestinal epithelial tissue. Infected cells have prominent intranuclear occlusions that initially stain eosinophilic , but become basophilic with age; hypertrophied nuclei with chromatin margination; and ...
Symptoms typically appear within ten to 30 minutes after ingestion, and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes. [1] Shortness of breath, dry mouth, a choking feeling, confused or slurred speech, and loss of coordination are also possible. PSP toxins ...
Pain aggravated by active and passive motion of the joint; Pain which may be reduced by bending the joint to find a more comfortable position; Pain occurring immediately on surfacing or up to many hours later; Cutaneous Skin Itching, usually around the ears, face, neck, arms, and upper torso; Sensation of tiny insects crawling over the skin ...
Animals did not groom the treated antenna, and there was no difference in movement of treated individuals and controls. Extracellular recordings of antennal nerves in the Louisiana red swamp crayfish revealed continual spontaneous activity, but no neurons that were reliably excited by the application of sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid.
Eagle syndrome (also termed stylohyoid syndrome, [1] styloid syndrome, [2] stylalgia, [3] styloid-stylohyoid syndrome, [2] or styloid–carotid artery syndrome) [4] is an uncommon condition commonly characterized but not limited to sudden, sharp nerve-like pain in the jaw bone and joint, back of the throat, and base of the tongue, triggered by swallowing, moving the jaw, or turning the neck. [1]