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Ethylene glycol is widely used to inhibit the formation of natural gas clathrates (hydrates) in long multiphase pipelines that convey natural gas from remote gas fields to a gas processing facility. Ethylene glycol can be recovered from the natural gas and reused as an inhibitor after purification treatment that removes water and inorganic salts.
The presence of a large osmolal gap supports a diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning. However, a normal osmolar gap does not rule out ethylene glycol exposure because of wide individual variability. [26] [27] The increased osmolal gap is caused by the ethylene glycol itself.
The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (3 US fluid ounces (90 ml) is lethal to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated within an hour. [9] (see Ethylene glycol poisoning).
Gel packs have been made with diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol. Both can cause illness if ingested in large amounts, [7] making them unsuitable for use with food. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission recalled such packs. [7]
Examples include ethane-1,2-diol or ethylene glycol HO−(CH 2) 2 −OH, a common ingredient of antifreeze products. Another example is propane-1,2-diol, or alpha propylene glycol, HO−CH 2 −CH(OH)−CH 3, used in the food and medicine industry, as well as a relatively non-poisonous antifreeze product.
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Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts, such as alkalis or metal oxides, can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours. Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
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