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The concepts of research integrity and its reverse, scientific misconduct were especially relevant from the perspective funding bodies, since it made it possible to "delineate the research-related practices that merit intervention": [16] lack of integrity led not only to unethical but inefficient research and funds have better to be allocated ...
It is violation of scientific integrity: violation of the scientific method and of research ethics in science, including in the design, conduct, and reporting of research. A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries provides the following sample definitions, [1] reproduced in The COPE report 1999: [2]
The idea of an oath has been proposed by various prominent members of the scientific community, including Karl Popper, Joseph Rotblat and John Sulston.Research by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) identified sixteen different oaths for scientists or engineers proposed during the 20th century, most after 1970.
Intellectual honesty is an applied method of problem solving characterised by a nonpartisan and honest attitude, which can be demonstrated in a number of different ways: One's personal beliefs or politics do not interfere with the pursuit of truth;
Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research. [20] Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. [21]
[1] [2] In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or earnestness of one's actions. Integrity can stand in opposition to hypocrisy. [3] It regards internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that people who hold apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter those values.
Professional ethics encompass the personal and corporate standards of behavior expected of professionals. [1] The word professionalism originally applied to vows of a religious order. By no later than the year 1675, the term had seen secular application and was applied to the three learned professions: divinity, law, and medicine. [2]
Because professionals are persons conducting unique skills in their career of choice, ethics, responsibility guidelines and professional responsibility principles, should be applied simultaneously through organisations professionals work within, but also implemented in the individual's character, demeanour, and personal life. [14]