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The distinction between first and second-order cybernetics is sometimes used as a form of periodisation, while can obscure the continuity between earlier and later cybernetics, [note 3] [34] with what would come to be called second-order qualities evident in the work of cyberneticians such as Warren McCulloch [7] and Gregory Bateson, [1] and ...
Second-order cybernetics: Also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, second-order cybernetics is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. Schismogenesis; Self-organisation; Social systems theory; Syntegrity; Variety and Requisite Variety; Viable system model
Cybernetics, according to Wiener's definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems".
Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems with feedback, their structures, constraints, and possibilities. Cybernetics is relevant to the study of systems, such as mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social .
In the second case, variety is measured in bits. For example, a machine with states {,,,} has a variety of four states or two bits. The variety of a sequence or multiset is the number of distinct symbols in it. For example, the sequence ,,,,, has a variety of four.
Heinz von Foerster (né von Förster; November 13, 1911 – October 2, 2002) was an Austrian-American scientist combining physics and philosophy, and widely attributed as the originator of second-order cybernetics.
The network of telex machines, called 'Cybernet', was the first operational component of Cybersyn, and the only one regularly used by the Allende government. [ 4 ] Beer proposed what was initially called Project Cyberstride, a system that would take in information and metrics from production centers like factories, process it on a central ...
Independently of Alan Turing, formulated what is now known as the Church-Turing Thesis and proved that first-order logic is undecidable. 1962 Clark, Wesley A. Designed LINC, the first functional computer scaled down and priced for individual users (1963). Many of its features are considered prototypes of essential elements of personal computers.