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  2. Tundra orbit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_orbit

    Tundra and Molniya orbits are used to provide high-latitude users with higher elevation angles than a geostationary orbit.This is desirable as broadcasting to these latitudes from a geostationary orbit (above the Earth's equator) requires considerable power due to the low elevation angles, and the extra distance and atmospheric attenuation that comes with it.

  3. Geosynchronous orbit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit

    The Tundra orbit is an eccentric geosynchronous orbit, which allows the satellite to spend most of its time dwelling over one high latitude location. It sits at an inclination of 63.4°, which is a frozen orbit, which reduces the need for stationkeeping. [23] At least two satellites are needed to provide continuous coverage over an area. [24]

  4. List of orbits - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orbits

    Ballistic capture orbit: a lower-energy orbit than a Hohmann transfer orbit, a spacecraft moving at a lower orbital velocity than the target celestial body is inserted into a similar orbit, allowing the planet or moon to move toward it and gravitationally snag it into orbit around the celestial body. [13]

  5. Geosynchronous satellite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_satellite

    Satellites in geostationary orbit. A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period.Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day, and over the course of a day traces out a path in the sky that is typically some form of analemma.

  6. Highly elliptical orbit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_elliptical_orbit

    A highly elliptical orbit (HEO) is an elliptic orbit with high eccentricity, usually referring to one around Earth. Examples of inclined HEO orbits include Molniya orbits , named after the Molniya Soviet communication satellites which used them, and Tundra orbits .

  7. Human presence in space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_presence_in_space

    Humans have achieved some mediated presence throughout the Solar System, but the most extensive presence has been in orbit around Earth. Humans reached outer space mediated in 1944 and have sustained mediated presence since 1958 , [a] as well as having reached space directly for the first time on 12 April 1961 (Yuri Gagarin) and continuously ...

  8. Quasi-Zenith Satellite System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System

    Quasi-Zenith satellite orbit QZSS animation, the "Quasi-Zenith/tundra orbit" plot is clearly visible.The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), also known as Michibiki (みちびき, "guidance"), is a four-satellite regional satellite navigation system and a satellite-based augmentation system developed by the Japanese government to enhance the United States-operated Global Positioning System ...

  9. Orbital spaceflight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight

    Sputnik 1 was the first human-made object to achieve orbital spaceflight. It was launched on 4 October 1957 by the Soviet Union . Vostok 1 , launched by the Soviet Union on 12 April 1961, carrying Yuri Gagarin , was the first successful human spaceflight to reach Earth orbit.