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A hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia [2] is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. [1] [3] This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn.
Many different conditions can lead to the feeling of dyspnea (shortness of breath). DiagnosisPro, an online medical expert system, listed 497 in October 2010. [1] The most common cardiovascular causes are acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure while common pulmonary causes include: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumothorax, and pneumonia.
Between 50 and 80% of diaphragmatic ruptures occur on the left side. [5] It is possible that the liver , which is situated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, cushions the diaphragm. [ 6 ] However, injuries occurring on the left side are also easier to detect in X-ray films. [ 4 ]
Shortness of breath (SOB), known as dyspnea (in AmE) or dyspnoea (in BrE), is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct ...
[3] [6] Determining the cause of chest pain is based on a person's medical history, a physical exam and other medical tests. [3] About 3% of heart attacks, however, are initially missed. [1] Management of chest pain is based on the underlying cause. [1] Initial treatment often includes the medications aspirin and nitroglycerin.
For example, a subphrenic abscess beneath the right diaphragm might cause a patient to feel pain in the right shoulder. Irritation of the phrenic nerve (or the tissues it supplies) leads to the hiccup reflex. A hiccup is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, which pulls air against the closed folds of the larynx.
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A simple treatment involves increasing the partial pressure of CO 2 and inhibiting diaphragm activity by holding one's breath or rebreathing into a paper bag. [30] Other potential remedies suggested by NHS Choices include pulling the knees up to the chest and leaning forward, sipping ice-cold water and swallowing some granulated sugar.