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[2] [5] [6] The convalescent phase is characterized by gradual tissue depigmentation of skin with vitiligo and poliosis, sometimes with nummular depigmented scars, as well as alopecia and diffuse fundus depigmentation resulting in a classic orange-red discoloration ("sunset glow fundus" [5] [8] [7]) and retinal pigment epithelium clumping and ...
Vitiligo (/ ˌ v ɪ t ɪ ˈ l aɪ ɡ oʊ /, vi-ti-leye-goh) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. [1] The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it may be related to immune system changes, genetic factors, stress, or sun exposure. [5] [6] Treatment options include topical medications, light therapy ...
Melanotan II acts as a non-selective agonist of the melanocortin receptors MC 1, MC 3, MC 4, and MC 5. [4]Melanotan II produces melanogenesis by activation of the MC 1 receptor, whereas its clinically documented sexual effects are thought to be related to its ability to activate the MC 4 receptor (though the MC 3 is thought to also possibly be involved).
Pigmentation disorders are disturbances of human skin color. [1] There may be a loss or reduction, which may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly. [1] Most pigmentation disorders involve the underproduction or overproduction of melanin. [2] [3]
The restoration of pigment may be aided by topical application of 0.1% 8-methoxypsoralen, 0.5–1% coal tar, or anthralin, followed by sun exposure. [9] With good outcomes, different topical photochemotherapy regimens (topical psoralen UVA; PUVA) have been utilized to treat postinflammatory hypopigmentation brought on by a variety of illnesses. [2]
[1]: 686 [2] [3] The psoralen is applied or taken orally to sensitize the skin, then the skin is exposed to UVA. Photodynamic therapy is the general use of nontoxic light-sensitive compounds that are exposed selectively to light, whereupon they become toxic to targeted malignant and other diseased cells. Still, PUVA therapy is often classified ...
operation [1]. Of those there are eight in the United States (US) [2]. In 2003 the EPA reported in the Federal Register that on average approximately seven tons of mercury were missing from each plant in the year 2000 [3]. These chlor-alkali plants have an average of fifty-six cells, each containing as much as 8,000 pounds of mercury [4] and,
Many skin conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. [1] The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. [2]