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Plants can protect themselves from abiotic stress in many different ways, and most include a physical change in the plant’s morphology. Phenotypic plasticity is a plant’s ability to alter and adapt its morphology in response to the external environments to protect themselves against stress. [ 2 ]
The root microbiome (also called rhizosphere microbiome) is the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots. [1] Because they are rich in a variety of carbon compounds, plant roots provide unique environments for a diverse assemblage of soil microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea.
Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. [1] It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". [2]
The stability of the rhizosphere microbiota over generations depends upon the plant type but even more on the soil composition, i.e. living and non living environment. [20] Clinically, new microbiota can be acquired through fecal microbiota transplant to treat infections such as chronic C. difficile infection. [21]
Additionally, loosely associated plant bacteria, termed endophytes, have been reported to fix nitrogen in planta. [50] These bacteria colonize the intercellular spaces of leaves, stems, and roots in plants [51] but do not form specialized structures like rhizobia and Frankia.
The plants soon begin to wilt and quickly dry out in the sun. Plants can burn within hours of exposure to these herbicides. [16] In contrast, Photosystem I inhibitors such as diquat and paraquat work by entering plant cells and immediately diverting electrons away from photosynthetic chain, poisoning photosynthesis.
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food.This includes the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage; pathogens that may cause disease (especially if food is improperly cooked or stored); microbes used to produce fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, and wine; and microbes with other useful roles, such as producing ...
Many Azospirillum excrete plant hormones that alter how the roots of plants grow. Affected roots frequently grow more branches and fine root hairs, which may help the plants acquire water and nutrients more efficiently. [14] In addition to these changes, Azospirillum can also alter the forms of plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to ...