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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) estimates that Carbon dioxide emissions from shipping were equal to 2.2% of the global human-made emissions in 2012 [12] and expects them to rise 50 to 250 percent by 2050 if no action is taken. [13] The IEA forecasts that ammonia will meet approximately 45% of shipping fuel demands by 2050. [14]
Over time, the dray horse was replaced by the semi-truck tractor. The study of drayage is a relatively new area, as recent events have elevated the prominence of the dray industry. Economically, NAFTA and the growth of globalized trade have dramatically increased imports and exports that are shipped in marine shipping containers .
Containerization reduced congestion in ports, significantly shortened shipping time, and reduced losses from damage and theft. [4] Containers can be made from a wide range of materials such as steel, fibre-reinforced polymer, aluminum or a combination. Containers made from weathering steel are used to minimize maintenance needs.
Trucking is frequently used to connect the "linehaul" ocean and rail segments of a global intermodal freight movement. This specialized trucking that runs between ocean ports, rail terminals, and inland shipping docks, is often called drayage, and is typically provided by dedicated drayage companies or by the railroads. [16]
In order to maximize the economy of handling and shipping of containers on a container ship, stowage plans, [1] sometimes known as bay plans, [2] have become essential in the shipping trade. The plans are also vital for safety on board the ship and it is recommended that personnel working on ships are familiar with them.
The use of standardized steel shipping containers began during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when commercial shipping operators and the US military started developing such units. [18] In 1948 the U.S. Army Transportation Corps developed the "Transporter", a rigid, corrugated steel container, able to carry 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg).
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