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The engineering problem that the torque tube solves is getting the traction forces generated by the wheels to the car frame. The torque moving the wheels and axles in a forward direction is met with an "equal and opposite" reaction of the axle housing and differential, making the differential want to spin in a reverse direction, in the same way ...
Effective torque (often referred to as wheel torque or torque to the wheels) is a concept primarily associated with automotive tuning. Torque can be measured using a dynamometer. Common units used in automotive applications can include foot-pounds and Newton·meters. [1] The formula for effective torque to the wheels is: [2] Tw = Te * N tf * η ...
The magnitude of this torque can be calculated as the product of the lateral force generated at the contact patch and the distance behind the wheel centre at which that force acts. This distance is known as the pneumatic trail. The steering torque around a non-vertical steer axis with non-zero mechanical trail is given by:
The term "brake horsepower" is one measurement of power derived from this method of measuring torque. (Power is calculated by multiplying torque by rotational speed.) [1] Essentially the measurement is made by wrapping a cord or belt around the output shaft of the engine and measuring the force transferred to the belt through friction. The ...
When one wheel begins to slip, the differential can reduce the torque to that wheel, effectively braking the wheel. The differential also increases torque to the opposite wheel, helping balance the power output and keep the vehicle stable. A rear-wheel drive torque vectoring differential works similarly to a front-wheel drive differential.
The spinning wheel is slowed with short applications of brakes, diverting more torque to the non-spinning wheel; this is the system adopted by Range Rover in 1993, for example. ABS brake-traction control has several advantages over limited-slip and locking differentials, such as steering control of a vehicle is easier, so the system can be ...
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The problem is also seen in braking, when the axle is forced in the same direction as the braking wheels. Torque reaction effects on a leaf spring in a Hotchkiss drive system. Most shaft-drive systems consist of a drive shaft (also called a "propeller shaft" or Cardan shaft) extending from the transmission in front to the differential in the ...