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  2. Back pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_pressure

    Back pressure is the term used for the hydraulic pressure required to create a flow through a chromatography column in high-performance liquid chromatography, the term deriving from the fact that it is generated by the resistance of the column, and exerts its influence backwards on the pump that must supply the flow.

  3. Surface condenser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenser

    An air-cooled condenser is however, significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure (and temperature) as a water-cooled surface condenser. Surface condensers are also used in applications and industries other than the condensing of steam turbine exhaust in power plants.

  4. Condenser (heat transfer) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)

    A condenser unit used in central air conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid, a compressor to raise the pressure of the refrigerant and move it along, and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to cool the refrigerant inside. A typical ...

  5. Condenser (laboratory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)

    The two hoses connected to the condenser circulate water through the space between the inner and outer walls. In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and ...

  6. Distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

    Reflux is a flow from the condenser back to the column, which generates a recycle that allows a better separation with a given number of trays. Equilibrium stages are ideal steps where compositions achieve vapor–liquid equilibrium, repeating the separation process and allowing better separation given a reflux ratio.

  7. Heat pump and refrigeration cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump_and...

    Vapor-compression refrigeration [6] For comparison, a simple stylized diagram of a heat pump's vapor-compression refrigeration cycle: 1) condenser, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator, 4) compressor (Note that this diagram is flipped vertically and horizontally compared to the previous one) [7] Temperature–entropy diagram of the vapor-compression cycle.

  8. Thermal expansion valve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve

    In order to produce a cooling effect from the higher pressure liquid, the flow of refrigerant entering the evaporator is restricted by the expansion valve, reducing the pressure and allowing isenthalpic expansion back into the vapor phase to take place, which absorbs heat and results in cooling.

  9. Losses in steam turbines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losses_in_steam_turbines

    Steam leaves the boiler and reaches the condenser after passing through the main valve, regulating valves, nozzles, clearance spaces between nozzles and moving blades, diaphragm and rotating shaft, and other passages. Further, there is a large pressure difference between the inside of a steam turbine and the ambient atmosphere and also from one ...