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Reflux nephropathy is kidney damage (nephropathy) due to urine flowing backward (reflux) from the bladder toward the kidneys; the latter is called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Longstanding VUR can result in small and scarred kidneys during the first five years of life in affected children.
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes. Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a common type of renal cystic disease, and it is a cause of an abdominal mass in infants. [5]
Reflux also increases risk of acute bladder and kidney infections, so testing for reflux may be performed after a child has one or more infections. In infants, the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include only fever and lethargy , with poor appetite and sometimes foul-smelling urine, while older children typically present ...
Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of the capillaries in the glomeruli. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome and diffuse scarring of the glomeruli . It is particularly associated with poorly managed diabetes mellitus and is a primary reason for dialysis in many developed countries.
The signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis depend upon whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral.Hydronephrosis that occurs acutely with sudden onset (as caused by a kidney stone) can cause intense pain in the flank area (between the hips and ribs) known as a renal colic.
Children (1–18 years): 15 mcg or 600 IU ... A common risk factor is limited UV exposure, says Adamian, because the skin stops producing vitamin D. ... kidney disease and inflammatory bowel ...
Hypertensive nephropathy refers to kidney failure that can be attributed to a history of hypertension [7] It is a chronic condition and it is a serious risk factor for the development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, despite the well-known association between hypertension and chronic kidney disease, the underlying mechanism remains ...
Young women are most often affected. Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical changes and hormonal status. [36] Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is most common in middle-aged women. [25] It can present somewhat differently in children, in whom it may be mistaken for Wilms' tumor. [37]