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SPAN is a portfolio margining method that uses grid simulation. It calculates the likely loss in a set of derivative positions (also called a portfolio), and sets this value as the initial margin payable by the firm holding the portfolio. In this manner, SPAN provides for offsets between correlated positions and enhances margining efficiency.
LCH runs a clearing service for contracts for difference (CFDs). CFDs were first launched in the UK in the early 90s as a short access product. Since then their use has grown across the world. LCH's centrally cleared CFD (ccCFD) service, in conjunction with Chi-X Europe, are an alternative to the traditionally over-the-counter traded CFDs.
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If the initial margin requirement were 60%, then stock equity = $50 × 1,000 = $50,000 and leveraged dollars (or amount borrowed) = $50,000 × (100% − 60%) = $20,000. If the maintenance margin changed to 25%, then the customer would have to maintain a net value equal to 25% of the total stock equity.
Special memorandum account (SMA) [1] is a margin credit account used for calculating US Regulation T requirements on brokerage accounts. In addition to Initial Margin and Maintenance Margin requirements, the SMA ledger is used to lock in unrealized gains that augment the client's buying power. According to Regulation T, Section 220.5: [2]
Its best-known function is the control of margin requirements for stocks bought on margin. The initial margin requirement for such margin stock purchases has been 50% [2] since 1974, [3] but Regulation T gives the Federal Reserve the authority to change this percentage. Raising the margin requirement ostensibly reduces risk in the financial ...
Portfolio margin is a risk-based margin policy available to qualifying US investors. The goal of portfolio margin is to align margin requirements with the overall risk of the portfolio. Portfolio margin usually results in significantly lower margin requirements on hedged positions than under traditional rules.
Incremental operating margin is the increase or decrease of income from continuing operations before stock-based compensation, interest expense and income-tax expense between two periods, divided by the increase or decrease in revenue between the same two periods.