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URL encoding, officially known as percent-encoding, is a method to encode arbitrary data in a uniform resource identifier (URI) using only the US-ASCII characters legal within a URI. Although it is known as URL encoding , it is also used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both Uniform Resource ...
uuencoding is a form of binary-to-text encoding that originated in the Unix programs uuencode and uudecode written by Mary Ann Horton at the University of California, Berkeley in 1980, [1] for encoding binary data for transmission in email systems.
A domain hack is a domain name that suggests a word, phrase, or name when concatenating two or more adjacent levels of that domain. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] For example, ro.bot and examp.le , using the domains .bot and .le , suggest the words robot and example respectively.
As stated in RFC 3492, "Punycode is an instance of a more general algorithm called Bootstring, which allows strings composed from a small set of 'basic' code points to uniquely represent any string of code points drawn from a larger set." Punycode defines parameters for the general Bootstring algorithm to match the characteristics of Unicode text.
Example of Greek IDN with domain name in non-Latin alphabet: ουτοπία.δπθ.gr (Punycode is xn--kxae4bafwg.xn--pxaix.gr)An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an Internet domain name that contains at least one label displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in non-Latin script or alphabet [a] or in the Latin alphabet-based characters with diacritics or ligatures.
[11] [12] This type of encoding was created by hackers to hide working machine code inside what appears to be text. This can be useful to avoid detection of the code and to allow the code to pass through filters that scrub non-alphanumeric characters from strings (in part, such filters were a response to non-alphanumeric shellcode exploits).
In double encoding, data is encoded twice in a row using the same encoding scheme, that is, double-encoded form of data X is Encode(Encode(X)) where Encode is an encoding function. [ 1 ] Double encoding is usually used as an attack technique to bypass authorization schemes or security filters that intercept user input. [ 2 ]
For codes from 0 to 127, the original 7-bit ASCII standard set, most of these characters can be used without a character reference. Codes from 160 to 255 can all be created using character entity names. Only a few higher-numbered codes can be created using entity names, but all can be created by decimal number character reference.
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