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7000 BC – agriculture had reached southern Europe with evidence of emmer and einkorn wheat, barley, sheep, goats, and pigs suggest that a food producing economy is adopted in Greece and the Aegean. 7000 BC – Cultivation of wheat, sesame, barley, and eggplant in Mehrgarh (modern day Pakistan).
The extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This list of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation lists the technological and civilisational achievements of the Indus Valley Civilisation, an ancient civilisation which flourished in the Bronze Age around the general region of the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is today Pakistan and northwestern India.
Stone tools and much later hominin remains Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ) [36] [37] 2 South Africa Southern Africa H. erectus, P. robustus (associated) Hominin remains, stone tools, bone tools Riwat [38] 1.9 Riwat, Pakistan South Asia Stone tools Controversial - the tools were found in a "secondary context" [39] Aïn al Fil [40] 1.8 El Kowm, Syria
The initiatives, led by Norman Borlaug and credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers. [189]
Pakistan established its first automobile and cement industries, and the government constructed several dams, (notably Tarbela Dam and Mangla Dam), canals, and power stations, in addition to launching Pakistan's space program. Along with heavy investment in manufacturing, Ayub's policies focused on boosting Pakistan's agricultural sector.
Rice fields near the Indus river, Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the 10 largest rice producing country in the world. Rice of different varieties are cultivated in 3.35 million hectares with an annual production of 8.5 million metric tons (as of 2021) (1.12% percent of global production). [67] Pakistan constitutes 8% share in total world exports.
Several periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation. [1] [2] While the Indus Valley Civilisation was divided into Early, Mature, and Late Harappan by archaeologists like Mortimer Wheeler, [3] newer periodisations include the Neolithic early farming settlements, and use a stage–phase model, [1] [4] [3] often combining terminology from various systems.
A major turning point for agricultural technology is the Industrial Revolution, which introduced agricultural machinery to mechanise the labour of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity. Revolutionary inventions like the seed drill, mechanical reaper, and steam-powered tractors reshaped the farming landscape.